cg'dfg ug'{
-prfO , rf}8fO cflbsf]_
lj = ; @)#$ ;fndf dx]Gb| gu/df ePsf] :sfp6
dfi6/ tfnLdsf] clGtd lbg k|df0fkq kjt/0f ug{ cfof]hlht ;df/f]xdf 5f]6f] cjlwsf]
:sfp6 dfi6/ tfnLddf ljleGg ljifox?dWo]
nDafO, rf}8fOsf] 7Ls cg'dfg ug{ klg tfnLd ePsf] s'/f p7\of] . To;} ;df/f]xdf
pkl:yt jl/i7 OlGhlgo/ ;fx]an] of] s'/f dfGg tof/ x'g' ePg . k|d'v cltlysf]
cf;gdf /xg' ePsf c~rnfwLzHo"n] ghLs}sf] Pp6f cUnf] dlGb/sf] prfO / ToxLsf]
hldgsf] Ps efusf] rf}8fO lgsfNg eGg'eof] Ù xfn} dfq tfnLd ;s]/ k|df0fkq klg lnOg;s]sf
:sfp6x?n] cfkm"n] tfnLddf xfl;n u/]sf zLk k|bz{g ug'{eof] . :sfp6x?n]
k|d'v cltlynfO{ t'?Gt} lx;fj lgsfn]/ k]z u/]sf]df xlnslt klg uNtL geO ;xL gfk lg:s]sf]
sf/0fn] :sfp6x? k|z+;f u/] .
prfOsf]
cg'dfg ug{'
s'g} klg rLhsf] prfO gfKgsf] lglDt To; rLhsf] dfly;Dd k'ug
kg{] x'g5 . t. To; rLhsf dfly kyh g;lsg] of gldNg] klg x'g;S5 . s'g} klg rLhsf] dfly guO{ tnaf6} klg gfKg
;lsG5 . To; rLhsf] gfk ubf{ !)∞ ;Dd 37L of a9L ePsf uNtL ePsf] dflgGg
. a/fa/ cEof; ub{} u/]df w]/} xb;Dd gfksf] 7Ls cg'dfg nufpg] w]/} n/Lsfx? dWo]
s]xL oxf“ pNn]v ul/G5 .
1= ?v
9fNg] t/Lsf
2= l;;f
sndaf6
3= 5fof“af6
4= OGr
a/fa/ km'6
5= wldnf]
kfgL
1= ?v 9fNg] t/Lsf
olb s'g} ?vsf]
prfO gfKg k/df Yo; ?vnfO{ km]bdf sf6L 9fn]df To;sf] prfO{ slt /x]5 egL gfKg
Hofb} ;lhnf] x'g5 . ;f“Rrf ;f“RrL ?v sf6L 9fNgsf] ;§f ?vnfO{ 9fn]df sxf“lg/ 9N5
/ ?vsf] 6'Kkf] sxf“lg/ k5{ egL cGbfh nufpg] t/Lsf 5 .
prfO lgsfng kg{] ?vsf] s]xL k/ pleO{ ;Lwf
tyf ;f]emf] /fvL Pp6f l;;fsnd cyjf To:t} 5f]6f] , kftnf] / ;f]emf sf7sf] 6'qmf
;dfpg'k5{ . l;;fsndsf] 6'Kkfn] ?vsf] 6'Kkf] b]lvg'k5{ . of] sfd ubf{ b'a} cf“vf
k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g . Pp6f cf“vf lrDng'k5{ . cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm" cufl8 –
k5fl8 ;g'{k5 . ?vnfO{ ;f] l;;fsndsf] lgwf{l/t 7f“paf6 b]lvPkl5 ;g'{k5{ . ?vnfO{
;f] l;;fsndsf] lgwf{l/t 7f“paf6 b]lvPkl5 xftnfO{ tndfly bfof“ – afof“ g;f/L
xftnfO{ xn'sf;+u ()° sf] sf]0fdf 3'dfpg'k5{ . To;f' ubf{ klg l;;fsndsf] xftn] ;dfPsf]
7fp“df 5f]Psf] blvPsf] x'g'k5{ . ca
n6\7Lhldgsf] h'g 7fp“df 5f]Osf] b]lvPsf] x'G5 To; 7fp“df s;}nfO{ pleg nufpg'k5{
. ?vsf] km]baf6 n6\7Lsf] 6'Kkfn] 5f]Psf] b]lvPsf] ;Ddsf] gfk a/fa/ ?vsf] prfO
x'G5 .
2=
l;;fsnd t/Lsfs
Pp6f l;;fsnd cyjf snd of s'g} kftnf]
;f]emf] dl;gf] sf7sf] 6'qmf lng'k5{ . ca prfO gfKg kg{] j:t'sf] s]xL k/
pleg'k5{ . of] sfd ug{ Pshgf ;fyL klg cfjZosk5{ . To; j:t'df 6f“l;P/ of 5]pdf
pleg nufpg'k5{ . To;kl5 cfkm\gf] xftdf
/x]sf] l;;fsndsf] /fd|/L b/f] x'g] u/L ;dfTg'k5{ . ca l;;fsndsf] xftn] ;dfPsf]
tNnf] efun] ;fyLsf] v'§fb]lvg] x'g'k5{ . cfjZostfk/] cfkm" cufl8 – k5fl8
klg ;g'{k5{ .
To;kl5 xftnfO{ TolQs} b/f] /fvL xftnfO{
dfly ;fg{'k5{ . o; cj:yfdf k]lG;nsf] tNnf] 5]pn] ;fyLsf] 6fpsf]sf] 7Ls dfLy
blvg'k5{/l;;fsndsff] dflyNnf] 6'Kkf]n] b]lvPsf] 7fp“ /fd|/L x]/L lrGgl'k5{ .
o;/L g} xftnfO{ dfly ;fb}{ nfg'k5{ . sltKn6 l;;fsnd dfly ;fl/of] uGb} /xg'k5{ .
ca ;fyLsf] prfO x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf lglDt ;fyLsf] prfO % lkm6 / l;;fsndnfO{ $ kN6
dfly ;f/]sf] eP %Ú x $=@)Ú sf] a:t' x'g]5 .
3=
5fof“af6
prfO yfxf kfpg' kg{] ?vsf] 5]pdf Pp6f
n6\7L uf8\g'k5{ . hldgdf uf8]sf] n6\7Lsf] 5fof“ gfKg'k5{ . clg prfO yfxfkfpg'
kg{] ?vsf] 5fof“ gfKg'k5{ . olb % lkm6sf] n6\7Lsf] 5fof“ ! lkm6 ePsf] /x]5 /
?vsf] 5fof“ ^ lkm6 ePsf] /x]5 eg] ?vsf] vf; prfO ^Ú x % = #) lkm6 x]G5 .
4= OGr a/fa/ km'6af6
prfO lgsfNg kg{] a/fa/sf !! kfOnf ;f]em}
lx8g'k5{ . !! cf}“ kfOnf k/]sf] 7fp“df Pp6f n6\7L /fvL ;fyLnfO{ ;dfpg nufpg'k5{
. To;kl5 Ps kfOnf cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . !@ cf}“ kfOnf k/]sf] 7fp“df lrGxf]
nufpg''''''k5{ . hldgdf ;'t]/ ;f]xL lrGxf] k/]sf] 7fp“dfaf6 hldglg/ k/]sf]
cf“vfn] -csf]{ cf“vf aGb u/L_ ?vsf] 6'Kkf x]g]{ sf]lzz ug'{k5{ . n6\7Lsf] h'g
efuaf6 ?vsf] 6'Kkf b]lvG5 , To;} 7fp“df ;fyLnfO{ ;dfpg nufO{ lrGxf] nufpg'k5{ .
ca n6\7Lsf] tNnf] efub]lv lrGxf] nufOsf] gfKbf @% OGr eP ?v @% lkm6sf] x'G5 .
?vaf6
!! kfFOnf / ! kfFonf u/L hDdf !@ kfOnf
gfk] h:t} s'g} n6\7Lsf] 6'qmf of cGo ;fdfgn] gfkL !! / ! u/L !@ agfpg klg ;lsG5
.
%=wldnf]
kfgLaf6
prfO lgsfNg kg{] ?vsf] prfO olt xf]nf egL
cGbfh u/]/ ?vsf] km]baf6 TolQs} lkm6 hlt cufl8 a9\g'k5{ Toxf“ wldnf] kflg
e/]sf] ef“8f /fVg'k5{ . clg hldgaf6
cfkm\gf] cf“vf hlt lkm6 dfly k5{ af6 cfkm" cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . To;kl5 wldnf]
kfgLdf ?vsf] 6'Kkf] x]g'{k5{ . wldnf][ kfgLdf ?vsf] 6'Kkf] gb]lvPdf kfgLsf]
ef“8f]nfO{ cufl8 k5fl8 ;f/]/ x]g'k5{ . t/ ;Dem /xf];\ hldgaf6 cfkmgf] cf“vf hlt
lkm6df 5 TolQs} lkm6 kfgLsf] ef“8faf6 cfkm" k/ x'g}k5{ . ?vsf] 6'Kkf]
b]lvPkl5 ;f] ef“8f] b]lv ?vsf] km]b;Dd hlt lkm6 x'G5 ?vsf] prfO TolQs} lkm6
x'G5 .
rf}8fOsf] cg'dfg ug'{
s'g} gbLsf] rf}8fOsf] gfKg kg{]
lkmQf kg]{ l:yltdf lkmtf of 8f]/Ln] gbL rf}8fO gfKg hfGg g;lsg] l:ylt x'g ;S5 .
To:TFF]] cj:yfdf gbLsf] rf}8fO gfKg ;lsG5
. To;/L gfk ln+bf !) ∞
;Dd 36L of a9L ePdf uNtL ePsf] dflgGg . a/fa/ cEof; ub}{ u/]df w]/} xb;Dd
gfksf] 7Ls cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . rf}8fOsf] cg'dfg ug{ tLgj6f t/Lsf oxf“ pNn]v
ul/G5 .
1=
kfOnf
gfKg] t/Lsf
2=
g]kf]lnog
t/Lsf
3=
lbzf
;"rs oGqaf6
1= kfOnf gfKg] t/Lsf
s'g} vf]nf of gbLsf] rf}8fO lgsfNgsf] lglDt kfl/
guO{ jfl/af6 vf]nfsf] rf}8fO lgsfNg ;lsG5 . vf]nfsf] 5]pdf uO kfl/sf] s'g} ?v
of k|i6 b]lvg] s]xL rLh -lrqdf …sÚ_ sf] 7Ls ;fd'Gg] pleg'k5{ . plePsf]
7fp“fnfO{ …vÚ dfgL Toxf“af6 ()°
sf] sf]0f algg] u/L #) lkm6 vf]nfsf]
5]j} 5]p cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . tL; lkm6 k/]sf] 7fp“df Pp6f n6\7L uf8\g'k5{ .
To; 7fp“nfO{ …uÚ dfgf} . ca …uÚ af6 klg ;Lwf !% lkm6 cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . To;
7fp“nfO{ …3 Ú dfgf} . ca vf]nfsf] 5]psf] …u Ú 3Ú af6 ()°
sf] sf]0f aGg] u/L lrqdf b]vfPsf] …ªÚ
tk{m To; a]nf;Dd cufl8 a9g'k5{ ha;Dd …ªÚ
clg …uÚ df pEofPsf] n6\7L / …sÚ ;Lwf gk/f]; . …sÚ …uÚ / …ªÚ ;Lwf k/]kl5
cfkm" plePsf] 7fp“ …ªÚ df lrGxf] nufpg'k5{ . ca …3Ú / …ªÚ hlt lkm6 x'G5
To;sf] 8an vf]nfsf] rf}8fO x'G5 . cyjf …3Ú / …ªÚ sf] b'/L ^) lkm6 eP vf]nfsf]
rf}8fO !@) lkm6 x'G5 . clg …vÚ af6 gbLsf] jfl/ lsgf/fdf kfgL /x]sf] 7fp“;Ddsf]
b"/L !@) lkm6af6 36fpg'k5{ / Tof] g} gbLsf] rf}8fO x'G5 .
2= g]kflnog t/Lsf
rf}8fO lgsfNg kg{] gbLsf] kfl/kl§ k|i6
b]lvg] rLhnfO{ ltqdf /x]sf] …sÚ dfgf} . To;sf] 7Ls ;fd'Gg] cfkm" pleg'k5{
. To; :yfgnfO{ …vÚ dfgf} . ca uw{gnfO{ ;f]emf] kf/f} h;af6 6fpsf] xNsf;+u xlNng g;sf];\ . ta 3fd
5]SgnfO{ xft lwf/df /fv] h:tf]u/L lgwf/df xft /fVg'k5{ . clg xTs]nfnfO{ tndfly
rnfP/ kfl/ kl§sf] rLhnfO{ 7Ls b]lvg] u/L ldnfpg'k5{ . ta xTs]nfnfO{ Tofxf“af6
g;g]{ u/L /fd|/L c8\ofpg'k5{ . ca ()°
sf] sf]0f aGg]u/L kms{g'k5{ .clg xTspnfsf] 5]paf6
b]lvg] 7fp“af6 hldgsf] h'g efudf 5f]Psf] efg xG5
ToxL g} Pshgf ;fyLnfO{ pEofpg'k5{ / lrGxf] nufpg'k5{ . To; 7fp“nfO{ …uÚ dfgf} .
ca …vÚ / …uÚ sf] hlt g} gbLsf] rf}8fo xG5 .
3= lbzf
;"rs oGqaf6
dfgf}
sg}Pp6f gbLsf] rf}8fO lgsfNg' 5 , h'g k"j{ – klZrd au]sf] 5 . gbLsf]
kfl/kl§ k|i6 b]lvg] ?v …SÚ
dfgf} . cfkm"
Tof] ?vsf] 7Ls cufl8 pleg'k5{ . Tof[ 7fp“df Pp6f sLjnf 7f]Sg'k5{ . To;nfO{ …NÚ dfgf} . ca xftdf
sDkf; -lbzf ;"rs oGq_ lnO{
k"j{tkm{ la:taf/} a9\b} /xg'k5{ . …SÚ
dfg]sf] klxn[sf] ?vnfO{sDkf;sf] ;'O{n] SW b]vfPsf] 7fp“df c8\g'k5{ .
ToxL Pp5f sLnf 7f]Sg'k5{ . Tof] 7fp“nfO{ …AÚ dfgf} . ca A
/ N sf] b"/L gfKg'k5{ . AN sf] b" /L gbLsf] rf}8fOsf] a/fa/ x'G5 .
cfkm"n]
lgsfn]sf] gbLsf] rf}8fO ldn]sf] 5 of 5}g egL hf“Rg ;lsG5 . To;sf] lglDt
cfkm" km]l/ …NÚ df pleg'k5{ .
cljg sDkf; xftdf lnO klZrd kbzftjn{ kaLtf.} a9\b} /xg'k5{ . sDkf;sf] ;'O{n]
klxn]sf] …SÚ ?vnfO{ SE df bvfP kl5 ?Sg'k5{ . ToxL Pp6f sLnf 7f]Sg'k5{ . To;nfO{ …BÚ
dfgf} . ca NB / NA sf]j
b"/L a/fa/ ePdf gbLsf] rf}8fO lgsfn]sf] 7Ls ldn]sf] 5 egL lglZrGt /xg
;lsG5 .
b"/Lsf] cGbfh nufpg'
%)
uh 6f9fsf] dflg;sf] d'v / cf“vf k|i6 b]lvG5 .
!))
uh 6f9fsf] dflg;sf] cfvfFx? ljGb' h:t} b]lvG5 .
@))
uh 6f9fsf] dflg;sf] plb{ kf]zfvsf] 6fFs / cGo s'/f lrlGxG5 .
#))
uh 6f9fsf] dflg;sf] cg'xf/ b]lvG5 .
$))
uh 6f9fsf] dflg; lx8\bf v'§f rn]sf] b]lvG5 .
%))
uh 6f9fsf] dflg;sf] pbL{ kf]zfssf] /+u lrlGxG5 .
tf}nsf] cGbfh nufpg'
tf}nsf]
cGbfh cufpgsf] lglDt a/fa/ cGbfh ub{} ug'{k5{ .
cEof;
/fd|f] ePkl5 s'} ;fdfg gp7fOsg TolQs} x]/]/ klg olt wflg{ of olt s]=hL 5 egL
cGbfh nufpg ;lsG5 .
:jgfksf] 1fg
xfdLnfO{
ljleGg k|sf/sf] sfdx? ug"{kbf{ gfksf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 . s"g} klg
:yfgdf s]xLklg gfKgsf] lglDt OGr , im'6 of ddL6/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . slxn]sfxL+
gfKg] ;fwg e]§fpg g;sfL sfd g} :jgfksf 1fg u/L /fVg'k5{ :jgfksf] 1fg ePdf
sfdsf] ;dodf x'g}gfKg] ;fwg gePdf klg sfddf xhf{ x'Fb}g .
;lfwf/0ftof
;fnfvf dflg;sf] gk o; k|sf/sf x'G5 .
1= a"9L cf}nfsf] rf}8fO !
OGr
2= Ps ljQf *
OGr
3= Ps xft s'lxgf] b]lv cf}nfsf] 6'Kkf !) OGr
4= 3'+8fb]lv hldg;Dd !*
OGr
5= xft km}nfpFbf Ps xftsf] cf}nfsf] 6'Kkf]b]lv csf]{ xftsf]
xf}nfsf] 6'Kkf];Ddsf] a/fa/ cfkm\gf] prfO x'G5
.
6= gf8Lsf] rfn Ps ldg]6df &% kN6 x'G5 .
7= Ps kfOnf a/fa/ s/Lj #) OGr x'G5 .
8= !@) kfOnf a/fa/ s/Lj !)) uh l56f] lx+8\bfsf] kOnf lj:tf/}
lx8bf eGbf 5f]6f] x'G5 .
9= l56f] lx8\bf dflg;n] !^ ldg]6d Ps dfOn kf/ u5{ .
lbzf
56\ofpg'
lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf ;'Gb/Lhndf ePsf] klxnf] p8jfPh tfnLddf
ePsf] xfOsdf Pshgf :6fkmn] tof/ u/L lbPsf] sDdkf; j]l/+df ()° n]Vg' kg{] 7fpFdf e"nn] !()° n]lvlbbf
;d:of pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . lbO{Psf] lglZrt lx;fajf6 hfFbf gfs} 7f]ksg] vfnsf]
Pp6f 7" kg{] lyof] . lbOPsf] lglZrt lxnfajf6 hfFb} gfs} 7f]lsg] vfnsf]
Pp6f 7"nf] r§fg ;Lw} plSng kg{] lyof] . p8jfPhdf tfnLd lnO{ /x]sf] Pp6f
6f]nLsf] w]/} ;do v]/ uPsf] lyof] . t;y{ o:tf] k|sf/sf] sfddf Hofb} xf]lzof/
x'g'k5{ .
cfkm" ;+w} j;]sf] :yfgdf / w]/} h;f] cfjthfjt eO{/xg] 7fpFdf
lbzf 5'6\ofpg ufx\f] kb}{g . sxL gf}nf] 7fpFdf hfFbf lbzf 5'6\opg ;lsPg eg]
uGtJo k'Ug sl7gk5{ . t;y{ xfdKb] lbzf 5'6\ofpg] t/Lsf hflg/fVg'k5{ . lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
;lhnf tl/sfx? lgDg 5g\ –
1= ;"o{af6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg
s_ ljxfg ;"of]{bodf v_ ;fFem
;"of{:tdf
u_lbpF;f]
s'g} klg ;dodf
2= r'DjsLo
sDkf;af6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
3= 38Laf6
lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
s_
lbpF;f] ;"o{sf] d2tn] v_ /ftL rGb|dfsf] d2tn]
4= w|'jtf/faf6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
s_ ;Ktli{f -grate bear_ sf] d2tn]
v_
cassiopeoa sf] d2tn
5=
wfld{s cfwf/af6 lbzf
5'6\ofpg] .
s_ lzjlnËaf6 v_ af}4r}tioaf6
!_ ;"o{af6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
laxfgb]lv
;fem;Dd ;"o{sf] dfWodaf6 ;lhn};+u lbzf 5'6fpg ;lsG5 .
s_
laxfg ;"of]{bodf
laxfg ;a]/} ;"o{ k"j{ lbzfaf6
pbfpF5 . t;u{ ;"of]{bo x'Fbf
;"o{lt/ kms]{/ ple+bf cufl8 k"j{ , k5fl8 klZrd / afofF pQ/ / bfofF blIf0f
lbzf k5{ .
v_
;fFem ;"of{:tdf
;fFem ;+w} klZrd lbzfdf ;"o{:t x'G5 .
t;y{ ;"of{"t x'g] ;dodf ;"o{nfO{ 7Ls k5fl8 kf/L ple+bf cufl8
k"j{ , k5fl8 klZrd / afofF pQ/ / bfofF blIf0f lbzf kb{5 .
u_lbpF;f]
s'g}klg ;dodf
3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf lbzf ufxf kfpg k/]df 5f]6f]
;f]emf] n6\7L lng'k5{ . To;kl5 !% . @) ldg]6;Dd kv{g'k5{ . To; a]nf;Dddf
n6\7Lsf] 5fofF htflt/ a9\g yfN5 Tof] g} k"j{ lbzf xG5 .
@= r'DasLo sDkf;af6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
r'DasLo sDkf;af6 cfsfz , hldg, kfgL cflb sxL klg lbzf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . ;fwfo0f eGbf ;fwf/0f r"DasLo sDkf;df klg pQ/ …NÚ blIf0f …sÚ k"j{ …eÚ klZrd …wÚ b]vfpF5 . Pp6f lbzf yfxf kOPkl5 cGo lbzfx? ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
r'DasLo sDkf; rnfpFbf larf/ k'¥ofpg kg{] s]xL s'/fx? –
1= r'DasLo sDkf;nfO{ ;Lwf -g9Nsg]_ u/L /fVg'k5{.
2= sDkf;nfO{ l;of[ of 8fPn c8]kl5 dfq o;n] pQ/ lbzf b]vfpF5.
3= sDkf;sf] k|of]u ubf{ ghLs} kmnfd /xg lbg x'Fb}g cGoyf o;n] 7Ls lbzf b]vfpg ;Sb}g .
4= sDkf; k|of]u ubf{ PseGbf a9L sDkf;nfO{ Ps} 7fPFdf /fvL rnfpg x'Fb}g,cGoyf o;n] 7Ls lbzf b]vfpg ;Sb}g .
3=
38Laf6 lbzf
5'6\ofpg]
r'DasLo sDkf; gePdf lbpF;f] / /ftL klg ;'O{
ePsf] 38Laf6 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
s_ lbpF;f]
;"o{sf] d2tn]
;"o{ pbfob]lv ;"of{:t gx'Gh]n;Dd
38Laf6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . cfk\mgf] gf8L 38Lsf] 306f atfpg] ;'O{nfO{
;"o{lt/ b]vfpg'''''''''' k5{ . -ldg]6 atfpg] ;"O{sf] s]x: sfd 5}g ._
To;kl5 38Lsf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;'O{ c8fpg] kLgb]lv 38Lsf] 8fonof n]lvPsf] !@ c+s;Dd
Pp6f sfNklgs /]vf tfGg'k5{ . To;kl5 38Lsf] 306f atfpg] ;O{ / !@ c+ssf] sf]0fnfO{
;ld4Lefhg -Bisect_
ug'{k5{ . Tof] cfwf u/]sf] /]vfn] blIf0f lbzf b]vfpF5 .
v _ /ftL
rGb«dfsf] d2tn]
/ftL rGb«df
b]vfk/]sf] a]nfdf rGb«dfsf] d2tn] klg
lbzf 5''6\ofpg ;lsG5 t/ rGb«dfsf] cfsf/nfO{ ljz]if
Wofg lbg'k5{ . olb rGb«dfsf] cf}Fzlsf] @.# lbg cufl8 of k5fl8 k/]df rGb«dfsf]
cfsf/ x+l;of j:tf] ;fgf] b]lvG5 . To;
cj:yfdf rGb«dflt/ kms{bf cfkm" ;"o{lt/ g} kms{]sf]
xF5 . olb k"l0f{df of k"l0f{dsf] @.# lbg cufl8 rGb«dfsf] cfsf/ x]/L ;"o{
stflt/ kb{5 cGbfhug{ ;lsG5 . /ftL ;"o{ b]lvGg . t}klg 38Lsf] 306fatfpg]
;'O{nfO{ k/]kl§ kmsf{pg' k5{ . To;kl5 38Lsf] aLr efudf /x]sf] ;'O{x? c8\ofpg] lkgaf6 38Lsf] 8fondf n]lvPsf] !@
c+sdf sfNklgs /]vf tfGbfsf] clws sf]0f -7"nf]
sf]0f_ nfO{ ;dl4efhg -BISECT_ ug'k5{ To; /]vfn] blIf0f lbzf b]vfpF5 .
4= w|'jtf/faf6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
/ftL w|'jtf/faf6 lbzf 5'5\ofpg ;lsG5 . cfsfzdf
b]lvg] tf/fx?n] 7fpF
abln/x]sf] xfdL b]V5f}F . t/ w|'jtf/fsf] 7fpF eg] ablnb}g
. of[ nf/f ;w}F pQ/df g} xG5 . t;y{ of] tf/fnfO{ x]/L pQ/ lbzf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
d"n s'/f /x\of] w'|jtf/f lrGx] s;/L < w|'jtf/f lrGxsf] lglDt cGo tf/fk;Ghx?sf]
d2t lng ;lsG5 . w|'jtf/fsf] jl/kl/ 3'dL /xg] w]/} tf/fk'Ghx? 5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL
etf/fk'Ghsf] d2tn] ;lhn};+u w|jtf/f lrGx l;lsG5 . tL tf/fk'Ghx? dWo] s]xL oL x'g\
–
s _ ;Ktlif-Greate Bear_
v _ Cassiopeia
s _ ;Ktlif-Greate Bear_
v _ Cassiopeia
s _ ;Ktlif{ -Greate
Bear_ sf] d2tn]
/ftL ;Ktlif{sf] d2tn] w|'jtf/f -Pole
Star_ lrGx ;lsG5 . ;Ktlif{ nf/f ;fnj6f
tf/fx?sf] k'Gh xf] . of] tf/fk'Gh x]bf{ k|Zgjfrs lrGx of xFl;ofsf] cfsf/;+u
ldNbf] – h'Nbf] b]lvG5 . cfsfzdf lgofn]/
x}¥of} eg] of] tf/fk'GhnfO{ lrGx Tolt ufxf] kb}{g . xFl;of cfsf/sf] of] tf/fk'Ghsf]
cl3Nnf] 6'kf]sf] b'O{ tf/faf6 ;femf] cufl8 x]b} uPdf demf}nf vfnsf] rlDs/x]sf]
tf/f b]lvG5 – Tof] g} w|'jtf/f xf] .
v _ Cassiopeia
tf/fk'GhnfO d2tn]
/ftL
Cassiopeia
tf/fk'GhnfO d2tn] w|'jtf/f -Pole
Star_ lrGx ;lsG5 . Cassiopeia
tf/fk'Gh % j6f tf/fx?sf] ;d"x xf]
. of] c+u]|hL “ w” cfsf/df
/x]sf] 5 . of] tf/fk'Ghsf] aLrsf] tf/f / o;sf] bfofFlt/ k5fl8lt/ /x]sf] tf/fsf]
;fem} ghLsdf of[ /]vf k'U5 cyjf w|'jtf/fsf] ghLsdf of] /]vf k'U5 . o;/L w|'jtf/f
lrGx ;lsG5 .
;Ktlif{ -Greate Bear_ / Cassiopeia
b'O{ tf/fk'Ghx? w|'jtf/f -Pole
Star_ nfO{ ;w}F aLrdf kf/L cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg]
/x]sf x'5g\ . To;}n] Greate
Bear /
Cassiopeia
b'O{ tf/fk'Ghx? dWo] b'a} of s'g} Ps
tf/fk'Gh ;w} ;lhnf];+u b]Vg ;lsG5 .
wfld{s cfwf/df lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
s_ lzjlnËaf6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
g]kfndf lxGb' wd{ dfGg]x?
w]/} 5g\ . lxGb' wdf{jnDjLx?n] wd{lrQn] lxGb'x?sf] cf:yfsf] eujfg lzjsf]
k|ltssf] ?kdf lzjlnËu :yfkgf u/L/fv]sf] oq – tq e]l6G5 . s'g} 7fpFdf klg lzjlnË :yfkgf
ul//fv]sf] e]l6Pdf To;af6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 / lzjlnË :yfkgf u/]sf] 7fpFdf
lzjlnËnfO{ c8\ofO{ /fv]sf] kfgL emg{] hlxn]klg pQ/ lbzftkm[[ g} kmsf{OPsf] x'G5
. t;y{ lzjlnË e[l6Pdf To;df kfgL emg{] jgfO{ /fv]sf] nkm{ pQ/ lbzf wg] /
lglZrGt eP/ dfGg ;lsG5 . t/, Pp6f s'/f s] ;Gemgf /fVg' kg{] x'G5 eg[ olb
lzjlnËnfO{ pv]n]/ TolQs} hlsgdf /fvL 5f8]sf] eP To;nfO{ ljzjf; dfg]/ lbzf
5'6ofpg pkof]u ug{' x'Fb}g .
v_ af}4 – r}Toaf6 lbzf 5'6\ofpg]
af}4
wdf{jnDaLx?n] cfkm\gf] wd{ lrQn] k|:km'l/n eO{ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rLaxf- af}4
– r{To_ agfpg yfn[sf[ b[lvG5 . s'g] s'g} rLafxfdf s'g}klg d"lt{ g/fvL
agfO{ /fv[sf[ e]l6G5 eg] k|oM ;a} j;f] rLaxfM df a'4sf] d"lt{x? /fvL af}4
– r}To agfO /fv]sf] oq – tq b]lvG5 . tL ;a} r{Tox?df a'4sf % a6f d"lt{s?
x'G5g\ – -!_ a}nf]rg -@_ cIfEo -#_ /Tg ;Dej -$_ cdf]3 l;4L -%_ cldtf+e . tL
d"lt{x?df j}nf]rg a'4 r}Tosf] uePdf /flvg] x'gfn] tof/ eO{;s]sf] r}Todf
xfdLn] b]Vg kfpFb}gf} . oBlk r}Todf b]lvg] c? tf/j6f d"lt{nfO{ æcIfEo a'4æ
elgG5 . ;f] æcIfEo a'4æ pQ/ tkm{ g} kms{]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ af}4 r}To el6Pdf ;f]
r}Todf /x]sf] & 6fpsf]ePsf] gfun] cf9fO /fv]sf] æcIfEo a'4æ kms{]sf]
lbzfnfO{ pQ/ lbzf dfgL lbzf 5'6\ofpFbf km/s kb}{g . k|fs[lts tj/n] ePsf
sfo{x?df uNtL x'Fb}g . dfgjn] lgdf{0f u/]sf]df e"nj; uNtL xg;s5 . t;y{
p:tf] sfddf st} dfgljo e"n ePsf] 5 ls egL ljrf/ eg] cjZo k'¥ofpg'k5 {.
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